Objectives To examine brain volume in preterm infants at term-equivalent age compared with healthy full-term infants and to explore the association between brain volume and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. Study design The 3T brain magnetic resonance was performed at term-equivalent age in 43 preterm infants without severe brain injury and 17 full-term infants. Brain volumes were measured using advanced segmentation techniques. The relationship between bronchopulmonary dysplasia and brain volume including cerebral cortical gray matter, cerebral white matter, CSF, deep gray matter, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum and brain stem were explored using a general linear model, controlling for gender, gestational age, age at MRI, head circumference, intracranial volume. Results Compared with full-term infants, preterm infants showed smaller cortical gray matter, white matter, deep gray matter, amygdala, and cerebellar volumes (all P .05). Compared to no BPD group, preterm infants with BPD had a smaller cerebral cortical gray matter (144.22±32.27 vs. 153.53±59.41, p = 0.031) and white matter (100.64±11.14 vs. 117.00±15.78, p = 0.001) volumes after adjusting for gender, gestational age, age at MRI, head circumference, intracranial volume. There was no difference in cerebellar volumes and cerebrospinal fluid between the two study groups. Conclusion The brain volumes of gray and white matter at term-equivalent age are reduced in BPD infants. These differences may preferentially impact neurodevelopmental outcomes. Further research is needed to explore these relationships